Timeline

Missions that shaped lunar exploration

Each lunar mission builds on what came before. Together they trace the slow growth of access and infrastructure that any long-duration surface installation would one day depend on.

1969

Apollo 11 lands on the Moon. For the first time, people set foot on another world and look back at Earth from its surface.

1972

Apollo 17 concludes the crewed program. It remains the last time humans walked on the lunar surface to date.

2008

India's Chandrayaan-1 orbits the Moon and contributes to evidence for water on the lunar surface.

2019

China's Chang'e-4 makes the first soft landing on the far side of the Moon, reaching terrain never before visited up close.

2022

Artemis I launches an uncrewed Orion spacecraft around the Moon, testing the systems intended for a sustained return.

Near term

A growing number of national and commercial landers are aiming for the lunar surface, including the polar regions exax studies. Treat any specific schedule as provisional until confirmed by primary sources.

Why it matters

Why missions matter to exax

Mission cadence sets the timeline. Lunar transport and landing capability determine whether camera hardware could ever reach an identified polar site, and what supporting systems would be available once it arrived.

  • Access — transport and landing capability decide whether the hardware can reach a polar site at all.
  • Infrastructure — power, relay, and surface systems shape whether a long-duration live camera is realistic.
  • Verification — time-sensitive mission status should always be checked against primary sources before it is treated as settled.
Chart of Earth visibility regimes against lunar latitude — the polar summit band today's missions are heading toward
Why today's polar missions matter here: white is the share of hours the full Earth disk is visible, amber the both-worlds crossings, grey Earth hidden (JPL DE440). The featured sites — 83.06°N and 84.56°S — sit in the amber grazing band the current wave of lunar programmes is heading toward; see the locations page.

Upcoming launches

Upcoming lunar launches

Upcoming lunar-lander missions, retrieved at build time from RocketLaunch.Live's lunar-lander tag and refreshed on each site build.

MissionVehicleProviderTarget dateLocationDetails
Griffin Mission 1Falcon HeavySpaceX2026-11Kennedy Space CenterView
Luna 27Soyuz 2Roscosmos2028Vostochny CosmodromeView

Data by RocketLaunch.Live

Follow the road back to the Moon

As lunar access grows, so does what a permanent surface camera could become. Explore the concept, see what the view might look like, or help carry it forward.

Apollo 10's Earthrise photograph: the half-lit Earth rising over the lunar surface, May 1969
Where the path began: “Earthrise” from Apollo 10, May 24, 1969. Source: NASA.